Table of contents

  • Introduction of Mulberry Leaf Extract
  • Pharmacological effects of mulberry leaf extract
  • Application of mulberry leaf extract
  • Toxic side effect
  • Mulberry Leaf Polyphenols
  • Mulberry Leaf DNJ

 

  • Introduction of Mulberry Leaf Extract

Mulberry leaves are the leaves of Morus alba L. Mulberry leaves are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for clearing away heat and detoxification. They are mainly used for colds due to heat in the lungs, dry cough due to lung heat, dizziness, headache, and red eyes. They are widely used in clinical practice. The main functions of mulberry leaf are regulating blood sugar, dispersing wind-heat, clearing lung and moistening dryness, clearing liver and improving eyesight. For wind-heat cold, lung-heat cough, headache, dizziness, red eyes, halo flowers, etc.

 

The mulberry leaf extract is the water or alcohol extract of the dried leaves of mulberry tree. It contains various active substances such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and polysaccharides. Mulberry leaf extract has a wide range of applications in food, medicine, animal feed, beauty and so on.

 

The hypoglycemic effect of mulberry leaf extract is achieved through two ways: one is through the alkaloid DNJ (1-deoxynojirimycin) inhibiting the activity of disaccharide decomposing enzymes, thereby inhibiting the absorption of disaccharide in the small intestine, Reducing the high peak of postprandial blood glucose (Kimura, 1995); the second is through the mulberry leaf alkaloids and mulberry leaf polysaccharides to promote the secretion of insulin from β cells, and insulin can promote the utilization of sugar by cells, the synthesis of liver glycogen, and the improvement of sugar metabolism, and ultimately achieve the effect of lowering blood sugar. Polyhydroxynoscopolamine isolated from mulberry leaves has a strong glycosidase inhibitory effect (Asano et al., 1994); N-Me-DNJ, GAL-DNJ and fagomine can significantly reduce blood glucose levels, among which GAL-DNJ DNJ and fagomine have the strongest hypoglycemic effect.

  • Pharmacological effects of mulberry leaf extract
  1. Antihypertensive effect: The mulberry leaf extract was diluted and injected into the femoral vein of dogs after anesthesia, and the blood pressure was temporarily lowered, which did not affect breathing. The rutin in mulberry leaves also has the effect of lowering blood pressure.
  2. Antispasmodic effect: Quercetin in mulberry leaves can reduce the tension of intestinal and bronchial smooth muscle. Rutin can reduce gastric motor function in rats and relieve the spasm of small intestinal smooth muscle caused by barium chloride.
  3. Anti-aging effect: The mulberry leaf extract can improve the activity of free radical scavenging enzymes, reduce the brown substance in the tissue to delay aging. The superoxide dismutase in its extract can catalyze the disproportionation of superoxide anion free radicals to generate molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, which can remove free radicals in time, thereby protecting the body from free radical damage. plays a very important role.
  4. Anti-inflammatory effect: rutin and quercetin have positive effects on the edema of the feet and ankles caused by histamine, egg white, formaldehyde, serotonin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and the edema of the ankle caused by hyaluronidase in rats. inhibition. Intravenous injection of rutin can inhibit allergic inflammation of skin and joints and Arthusphenomenon caused by horse serum in rabbits.
  5. Antibacterial effect: The in vitro experiment of fresh mulberry leaf decoction has strong inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Diphtheria bacillus, beta-hemolytic streptococcus, Bacillus anthracis, etc. It also has a certain inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli, Shigella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Typhoid Bacillus. The high concentration of mulberry leaf decoction (31mg/mL) has anti-leptospirosis effect in vitro. Mulberry leaf volatile oil also has antibacterial and anti-dermopathogenic fungi.
  6. Hypoglycemic effect: Mulberry leaf has the effect of lowering blood sugar and anti-diabetic effect on experimental diabetes in rats caused by alloxan and hyperglycemia in mice caused by epinephrine, glucagon and anti-insulin. The ecdysterone in mulberry leaves also has a hypoglycemic effect, which can promote the conversion of glucose into glycogen. Certain amino acids in mulberry leaves can stimulate the secretion of insulin, which can be a regulatory factor for the secretion and release of insulin in the body and reduce the rate of insulin decomposition to lower blood sugar. There are still some inorganic elements that also play a role in the hypoglycemic mechanism.
  7. Other effects: Mulberry leaf ethanol extract (phytoestrogens) fed mice can slow down the growth rate. Ecdysone promotes cell growth, stimulates dermal cell division, produces new epidermis and allows insects to molt. It can also promote protein synthesis in the human body. The uterus of an excitatory cycle rat. Animal experiments have shown that mulberry leaves have a diuretic effect. There are antithrombotic effect.
  • Application of mulberry leaf extract
  1. Medicinal development: Mulberry leaf extract has pharmacological effects such as hypoglycemic, antitumor, antiviral, and antibacterial. Researchers have developed hypoglycemic drugs, antitumor drugs, antiviral drugs, and antibacterial drugs.
  2. Animal feed: Mulberry leaves and mulberry leaf powder are used as livestock and poultry feeds or additives, with good palatability and high nutritional value. Good results have been achieved in foreign countries using mulberry leaves to raise dairy cows, sheep, broiler chickens, laying hens, rabbits and other animals.
  3. Preservatives: The active ingredients of mulberry leaves, especially polyphenols, have a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of most gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and some yeasts, and have strong thermal stability and anti-inflammatory properties. With the characteristics of low bacterial concentration and wide antibacterial pH range, the active substance of mulberry leaves not only has no toxic and side effects, but also has health care functions, so it can be used as a natural preservative for high-end food.
  4. Beauty cosmetics: The active ingredients of mulberry leaves have antioxidant, anti-aging, antibacterial, moisturizing and other effects. Japan, Korea and the United States vigorously research the active ingredients of mulberry leaves, especially DNJ, optimize the purification process of mulberry leaves DNJ, and prepare high-purity mulberry leaves. DNJ, and used in cosmetic cosmetic production.
  • Toxic side effect

Subacute test: 10% mulberry leaf injection was injected into mice by intraperitoneal injection at 60 times the dosage for 21 days without damage to internal organs. Damage (degeneration, bleeding). 10% mulberry leaf extract was injected into the quadriceps muscle of rabbits or dropped into the conjunctival sac of rabbit eyes, and no local irritation was found. The guinea pig allergy test was negative. There was no hemolytic reaction to sheep erythrocytes.

  • Mulberry Leaf Polyphenols

What are polyphenols?

Polyphenols are compounds found in plant foods with potential health-promoting effects and are currently referred to as “group 7 nutrients.” Polyphenols usually present a collection of various cyclic compounds in plants, that is, many phenols appear together, so they are called “polyphenols”. Polyphenols include phenolic acids, flavonoids, isoflavones, anthocyanins, tannins, catechins, anthocyanins, etc.

Important functions of polyphenols

The important functions of polyphenols are antioxidant, scavenging free radicals, and preventing chronic diseases. Free radicals are harmful substances produced by oxidation reactions. Oxidative damage is an important cause of many chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and aging. Since the polyphenol structure itself has multiple conjugated double bonds, even if the electrons in some positions are taken away by free radicals, the molecular structure is stabilized by the conjugate effect to protect cells and has the function of scavenging a variety of free radicals. It can also have synergistic effects with various antioxidants such as VC and VE. From the perspective of preventing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, polyphenols can reduce low-density lipoprotein. In terms of anti-aging of the skin, it can prevent ultraviolet rays from destroying the synthesis of collagen. From the perspective of preventing chronic diseases, oxidative damage is an important cause of many chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and aging. The antioxidant function of polyphenols can prevent these chronic diseases by inhibiting cell proliferation and transformation, inducing apoptosis of precancerous lesions and tumor cells, and inhibiting tumor invasion and angiogenesis.

Biological Activity of Mulberry Leaf Polyphenols

Polyphenols have a variety of physiological activities, the most important of which is the antioxidant effect of reducing free radicals and scavenging free radicals. It can not only remove oxygen free radicals in the body, but also remove hydroxyl free radicals and lipid organic free radicals that cannot be removed by enzymes. Medical research has proved that excessive content of these free radicals in the human body will cause cell and tissue damage, and can directly damage various biological macromolecules and biofilms, leading to the occurrence of diseases such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer.

  • Mulberry Leaf DNJ

Mulberry leaf DNJ is a natural alkaloid found from the mulberry tree. In addition to mulberry, several plants and microorganisms such as hyacinth, wild grass and Bacillus are also found to contain a small amount of DNJ. However, the content of DNJ in mulberry is much higher than that of other plants and microorganisms that have been found. The DNJ in mulberry is mainly distributed in the leaves, roots and branches of mulberry, and the content of DNJ in mulberry leaves is relatively high (about one thousandth of the dry weight). Moreover, mulberry leaves account for a large proportion of the dry matter of the entire mulberry tree, about 65%. Therefore, mulberry leaves have now become the main source for obtaining natural DNJ.

Mulberry leaf extract contains a large amount of calcium, potassium, iron and other inorganic substances, also rich in vitamins and 53% dietary fiber, and also contains special DNJ components (water-soluble compounds, and only exist in mulberry leaves). Recent studies have found that mulberry leaf extract has the effect of inhibiting blood sugar levels, as well as the effect of beauty and weight loss. One of the active ingredients is mulberry leaf extract DNJ. Modern pharmacological research has found that DNJ is an inhibitor of α-glucosidase. , can inhibit the effect of blood sugar rise.

DNJ is an α-glucosidase inhibitor, which can delay the decomposition of disaccharide (starch is hydrolyzed into disaccharide under the action of amylase) into monosaccharide by inhibiting α-glucosidase on the surface of small intestinal mucosal epithelial cells to achieve It can delay the absorption rate of glucose and fructose, thereby reducing postprandial blood sugar, so it is suitable for those patients whose postprandial blood sugar is mainly elevated. To achieve the effect of inhibiting the rise of blood sugar, it is helpful for the control of diabetes. The binding time of this inhibitor to the enzyme is about 4 to 6 hours, after which the activity of the enzyme can be restored. The α-glucosidase inhibitor class hypoglycemic drugs currently in clinical use mainly include: Acarbose, Voglibose, Migliitol) and the molecular structure of DNJ Very similar to miglitol.

The content of DNJ in mulberry leaf is about 100mg/100g, and this alkaloid can not only act as an inhibitor of α-glucosidase. At the same time, mulberry leaves are rich in γ-aminobutyric acid and phytosan, whose content is 3-4 times that of green tea. With weight loss, beauty, hypoglycemic effect.

  1. Reduce swelling and blood lipid

The reason why mulberry leaf tea can reduce swelling is because mulberry leaf is beneficial to water. The diuretic effect is different from the diuretic effect. It can not only promote urination, but also drain the excess water accumulated in the cells. Therefore, mulberry leaves can improve the so-called edema phenomenon. Clearing the blood means removing excess neutral fat and cholesterol from the blood. Hyperlipidemia is an excess of neutral fat or cholesterol in the blood. Therefore, obese people are mostly hyperlipidemia patients.

The blood cholesterol value of healthy people is 180-230 mg, and the neutral fat is 80-130 mg. When eating too much and its content exceeds 300 mg, hyperlipidemia will occur. Mulberry leaves have the effect of improving this kind of hyperlipidemia.

  1. Weight loss effect

Obesity is the accumulation of excess fat in the fat cells of the abdomen and back. When neutral fat in the blood is reduced, stored fat is released and consumed in the form of calories. If you keep doing this over and over again, your body will lose fat. Therefore, weight loss and improvement of hyperlipidemia are interrelated. In addition, the blood viscosity of patients with hyperlipidemia is high, and the flow in the capillaries is particularly poor. Capillaries are only 1/100 of the thickness of our hair, so of course, it is easy to block myocardial infarction and cerebral hemorrhage, which are the result of blocked capillaries. Mulberry leaves contain flavonoids that strengthen capillaries and reduce blood viscosity, so it can prevent myocardial infarction and cerebral hemorrhage while losing weight and improving hyperlipidemia.

  1. Removing sores and freckles is more beautiful

Studies in recent years have shown that mulberry leaves also have good skin beauty effects, especially for facial acne and brown spots. Mulberry leaves are rich in flavonoids, phenols, amino acids, organic acids, carotene, vitamins and various trace elements necessary for the human body, which can improve and regulate the metabolism of skin tissue, especially inhibit the occurrence and development of pigmentation. have a positive effect.

 

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